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1 Evans method
Evans method Evans-Methode f (Stabilitätsuntersuchung)English-German dictionary of Electrical Engineering and Electronics > Evans method
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2 Lodge and Evans method of silk dyeing
Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Lodge and Evans method of silk dyeing
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3 method
метод, способ @abridged spinning method сокращённый способ прядения @back-beaming method партионный способ сновки @back-filling method 1. способ изготовления ткани с добавочным утком (по изнанке); 2. способ односторонней отделки ткани с изнанки @bagging method of dyeing способ крашения трикотажа в сетчатом мешке @batch-type method партионный способ химического прядения и отделки @bisulphite method of wool bleaching бисульфитный метод отбелки мытой шерсти @boiling soap liquor method of delustreing способ матирования химического волокна кипящим раствором мыла @boiling water method of finishing метод термофиксации кипящей водой @bulking method метод получения высокообъёмной пряжи @capillary flow measuring method способ измерения вязкости по скорости течения через капилляр @charge measuring method метод измерения электростатических зарядов на волокне @chemacryl dyeing method фирм. способ крашения "кемакрил" (с добавкой в красильную ванну катанных и неионогенных поверхностноактивных веществ) @chemical wool-proofing method химический способ защитной обработки шерсти @chem-nyle dyeing method фирм. способ крашения "кемнайл" (найлонового волокна) @chrome bottom method of dyeing способ крашения с предварительным хромированием @chrome-in-bath method of dyeing 1. способ крашения (шерсти) монохромовыми или метахромовыми красителями с одновременным хромированием; 2. однованный способ крашения (шерсти) хромовыми красителями @combination method of wool washing комбинированный метод мойки шерсти (эмульсиями, растворителями и моющими средствами) @cork method of cross sectioning способ получения поперечных срезов волокна в пробке @count method метод счёта (волокон или нитей под микроскопом) @cut strip method метод определения разрывной прочности ткани @depilatory method депиляторный способ получения заводской шерсти химической обработкой (сульфатом натрия) @dip method of test метод испытания водоупорности ткани погружением @direct viscose preparation method однопроцессный способ производства вискозы @discharging method of printing вытравной метод печатания @dropping sphere method метод определения вязкости раствора падающим шариком @dry method of dyeing сухой способ крашения (с применением безводных растворителей красителя) @du Pont vat printing method способ печатания кубовыми красителями (с одновременным плюсованием гидросульфитом) @dyeing method with methylene blue метод окрашивания метиленовым голубым (для определения окислительного превращения целлюлозы в оксицеллюлозу) @emulsion sintering method of spinning способ прядения волокна из спёкшейся эмульсии (для высокоплавких полимеров) @false-twist crimping method способ производства извитой пряжи с применением ложной крутки @French sizing method французский метод шлихтования (шёлка и синтетического волокна) @grab method динамометрический метод "граб" (для определения разрывной нагрузки ткани) @Greenfield method однопроцессный способ Гринфильда (переработки жгута в штапельную ленту) @hand-drawing method of stapling ручной метод определения штапельной длины @hot oil method of dyeing проходной способ суспензионного крашения в горячем масле @jacketing method of heating способ обогрева с помощью нагревательной рубашки @lanatin method фирм. способ "ланатин" (применяющийся для придания шерстистости натужным и химическим волокнам) @Lodge and Evans method of silk dyeing способ Лоджа и Ивенса, применяющийся для крашения натурального шёлка сернистыми красителями @mangling method of hydroextraction способ обезвоживания (ткани) отжимом на каландре @Marhen vat controlling method метод Мархена для контроля и регулирования процесса кубового крашения @microfusion method of identification микроплавкий способ идентификации полимеров и химического волокна (по температуре плавления с применением поляризационного микроскопа) @milling method of engraving молетирный или накатный способ гравирования (печатных валов) @moisture correction method метод поправки на нормальную влажность @on-chrome method of dyeing метод крашения (шерсти) кислотно-протравными красителями с предварительным хромированием @pad method of vat dyeing метод суспензионного кубового крашения на плюсовке (в светлые тона) @padding method of vat dyeing способ крашения на плюсовке раствором лейкооснования кубового красителя @pad-dry heat method of dyeing способ крашения (синтетической ткани) на плюсовке с последующей сушкой и кратковременным нагреванием при высокой температуре @pad-jig method of vat dyeing метод суспензионного кубового крашения на плюсовке и роликовой красильной машине (в тёмные тона) @pantograph method of engraving пантографный способ гравирования (печатных валов) @photoengraving method фотохимический способ гравирования (.печатных валов) @photoetching method of engraving фотовытравной способ гравирования (печатных валов) @pigment-steam method of vat dyeing способ суспензионного кубового крашения с запаркой @pigment-steam method of vat printing способ печатания кубовыми красителями с запаркой @plastic-plate method of cross sectioning способ получения поперечных срезов волокна в пластмассе @polarized infra-red radiation method метод инфракрасной спектроскопии в поляризованном свете (для изучения строения полимеров и волокна) @pressure method of engraving молетирный или накатный способ гравирования (печатных валов) @radiant-heat method of finishing метод термофиксации тепловым излучением @raveled strip method метод определения разрывной прочности ткани @reduced chrome mordant method метод нанесения восстановленной хромовой протравы @reduced jig method of vat dyeing метод проходного кубового крашения раствором лейкооснования красителя @shaping method of water-proof test метод "кошелем" для испытания ткани на водонепроницаемость "кошелем" @skein method of tensile test динамометрический метод определения прочности пряжи в пасме @slop-pad method of vat printing двухфазный или двухпроцессный способ печатания кубовыми красителями @slurry method for steeping pulp шламовый способ мерсеризации целлюлозы @solvent extraction method of wool washing способ мойки шерсти растворителями @staining method with iron метод подцветки солями железа (для определения окислительного превращения целлюлозы в оксицеллюлозу) @staining method with zinc chloride-iodine метод подцветки раствором хлористого цинка с йодом (для определения степени мерсеризации хлопка) @steam autoclave method of finishing метод термофиксации паром в автоклаве под давлением @stretch breaking method of stapling способ штапелирования (жгута химического волокна) разрывом @strip method метод определения разрывной прочности ткани @suction method of hydroextraction способ обезвоживания (ткани) отсосом @thread method of tensile test динамометрический метод определения разрывной нагрузки одиночной нити @titriplex method фирм. метод "титриплекс" (применяющийся для измерения жесткости воды титрованием) @tongue method метод определения прочности ткани на раздирание @tow-to-yarn method of stapling одно-процессный способ изготовления штапельной пряжи из жгута @two-bath method двухванный метод (крашения) @two-phase method of vat printing двухфазный или двухпроцессный способ печатания кубовыми красителями @unreduced chrome mordant method метод нанесения невосстановленной хромовой протравы @velan method метод "велан", веланизация (придание ткани водоотталкивающих свойств) @W. I. R. A. method of shrunk finishing ферментный способ противоусадочной отделки (с применением протеолитического фермента папаина) @X-ray diffraction method метод дифракции рентгеновских лучей (для изучения строения полимеров и волокна) @ -
4 method
метод, способ @abridged spinning method сокращённый способ прядения @back-beaming method партионный способ сновки @back-filling method 1. способ изготовления ткани с добавочным утком (по изнанке); 2. способ односторонней отделки ткани с изнанки @bagging method of dyeing способ крашения трикотажа в сетчатом мешке @batch-type method партионный способ химического прядения и отделки @bisulphite method of wool bleaching бисульфитный метод отбелки мытой шерсти @boiling soap liquor method of delustreing способ матирования химического волокна кипящим раствором мыла @boiling water method of finishing метод термофиксации кипящей водой @bulking method метод получения высокообъёмной пряжи @capillary flow measuring method способ измерения вязкости по скорости течения через капилляр @charge measuring method метод измерения электростатических зарядов на волокне @chemacryl dyeing method фирм. способ крашения "кемакрил" (с добавкой в красильную ванну катанных и неионогенных поверхностноактивных веществ) @chemical wool-proofing method химический способ защитной обработки шерсти @chem-nyle dyeing method фирм. способ крашения "кемнайл" (найлонового волокна) @chrome bottom method of dyeing способ крашения с предварительным хромированием @chrome-in-bath method of dyeing 1. способ крашения (шерсти) монохромовыми или метахромовыми красителями с одновременным хромированием; 2. однованный способ крашения (шерсти) хромовыми красителями @combination method of wool washing комбинированный метод мойки шерсти (эмульсиями, растворителями и моющими средствами) @cork method of cross sectioning способ получения поперечных срезов волокна в пробке @count method метод счёта (волокон или нитей под микроскопом) @cut strip method метод определения разрывной прочности ткани @depilatory method депиляторный способ получения заводской шерсти химической обработкой (сульфатом натрия) @dip method of test метод испытания водоупорности ткани погружением @direct viscose preparation method однопроцессный способ производства вискозы @discharging method of printing вытравной метод печатания @dropping sphere method метод определения вязкости раствора падающим шариком @dry method of dyeing сухой способ крашения (с применением безводных растворителей красителя) @du Pont vat printing method способ печатания кубовыми красителями (с одновременным плюсованием гидросульфитом) @dyeing method with methylene blue метод окрашивания метиленовым голубым (для определения окислительного превращения целлюлозы в оксицеллюлозу) @emulsion sintering method of spinning способ прядения волокна из спёкшейся эмульсии (для высокоплавких полимеров) @false-twist crimping method способ производства извитой пряжи с применением ложной крутки @French sizing method французский метод шлихтования (шёлка и синтетического волокна) @grab method динамометрический метод "граб" (для определения разрывной нагрузки ткани) @Greenfield method однопроцессный способ Гринфильда (переработки жгута в штапельную ленту) @hand-drawing method of stapling ручной метод определения штапельной длины @hot oil method of dyeing проходной способ суспензионного крашения в горячем масле @jacketing method of heating способ обогрева с помощью нагревательной рубашки @lanatin method фирм. способ "ланатин" (применяющийся для придания шерстистости натужным и химическим волокнам) @Lodge and Evans method of silk dyeing способ Лоджа и Ивенса, применяющийся для крашения натурального шёлка сернистыми красителями @mangling method of hydroextraction способ обезвоживания (ткани) отжимом на каландре @Marhen vat controlling method метод Мархена для контроля и регулирования процесса кубового крашения @microfusion method of identification микроплавкий способ идентификации полимеров и химического волокна (по температуре плавления с применением поляризационного микроскопа) @milling method of engraving молетирный или накатный способ гравирования (печатных валов) @moisture correction method метод поправки на нормальную влажность @on-chrome method of dyeing метод крашения (шерсти) кислотно-протравными красителями с предварительным хромированием @pad method of vat dyeing метод суспензионного кубового крашения на плюсовке (в светлые тона) @padding method of vat dyeing способ крашения на плюсовке раствором лейкооснования кубового красителя @pad-dry heat method of dyeing способ крашения (синтетической ткани) на плюсовке с последующей сушкой и кратковременным нагреванием при высокой температуре @pad-jig method of vat dyeing метод суспензионного кубового крашения на плюсовке и роликовой красильной машине (в тёмные тона) @pantograph method of engraving пантографный способ гравирования (печатных валов) @photoengraving method фотохимический способ гравирования (.печатных валов) @photoetching method of engraving фотовытравной способ гравирования (печатных валов) @pigment-steam method of vat dyeing способ суспензионного кубового крашения с запаркой @pigment-steam method of vat printing способ печатания кубовыми красителями с запаркой @plastic-plate method of cross sectioning способ получения поперечных срезов волокна в пластмассе @polarized infra-red radiation method метод инфракрасной спектроскопии в поляризованном свете (для изучения строения полимеров и волокна) @pressure method of engraving молетирный или накатный способ гравирования (печатных валов) @radiant-heat method of finishing метод термофиксации тепловым излучением @raveled strip method метод определения разрывной прочности ткани @reduced chrome mordant method метод нанесения восстановленной хромовой протравы @reduced jig method of vat dyeing метод проходного кубового крашения раствором лейкооснования красителя @shaping method of water-proof test метод "кошелем" для испытания ткани на водонепроницаемость "кошелем" @skein method of tensile test динамометрический метод определения прочности пряжи в пасме @slop-pad method of vat printing двухфазный или двухпроцессный способ печатания кубовыми красителями @slurry method for steeping pulp шламовый способ мерсеризации целлюлозы @solvent extraction method of wool washing способ мойки шерсти растворителями @staining method with iron метод подцветки солями железа (для определения окислительного превращения целлюлозы в оксицеллюлозу) @staining method with zinc chloride-iodine метод подцветки раствором хлористого цинка с йодом (для определения степени мерсеризации хлопка) @steam autoclave method of finishing метод термофиксации паром в автоклаве под давлением @stretch breaking method of stapling способ штапелирования (жгута химического волокна) разрывом @strip method метод определения разрывной прочности ткани @suction method of hydroextraction способ обезвоживания (ткани) отсосом @thread method of tensile test динамометрический метод определения разрывной нагрузки одиночной нити @titriplex method фирм. метод "титриплекс" (применяющийся для измерения жесткости воды титрованием) @tongue method метод определения прочности ткани на раздирание @tow-to-yarn method of stapling одно-процессный способ изготовления штапельной пряжи из жгута @two-bath method двухванный метод (крашения) @two-phase method of vat printing двухфазный или двухпроцессный способ печатания кубовыми красителями @unreduced chrome mordant method метод нанесения невосстановленной хромовой протравы @velan method метод "велан", веланизация (придание ткани водоотталкивающих свойств) @W. I. R. A. method of shrunk finishing ферментный способ противоусадочной отделки (с применением протеолитического фермента папаина) @X-ray diffraction method метод дифракции рентгеновских лучей (для изучения строения полимеров и волокна) @ -
5 Evans, Oliver
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 13 September 1755 Newport, Delaware, USAd. 15 April 1819 New York, USA[br]American millwright and inventor of the first automatic corn mill.[br]He was the fifth child of Charles and Ann Stalcrop Evans, and by the age of 15 he had four sisters and seven brothers. Nothing is known of his schooling, but at the age of 17 he was apprenticed to a Newport wheelwright and wagon-maker. At 19 he was enrolled in a Delaware Militia Company in the Revolutionary War but did not see active service. About this time he invented a machine for bending and cutting off the wires in textile carding combs. In July 1782, with his younger brother, Joseph, he moved to Tuckahoe on the eastern shore of the Delaware River, where he had the basic idea of the automatic flour mill. In July 1782, with his elder brothers John and Theophilus, he bought part of his father's Newport farm, on Red Clay Creek, and planned to build a mill there. In 1793 he married Sarah Tomlinson, daughter of a Delaware farmer, and joined his brothers at Red Clay Creek. He worked there for some seven years on his automatic mill, from about 1783 to 1790.His system for the automatic flour mill consisted of bucket elevators to raise the grain, a horizontal screw conveyor, other conveying devices and a "hopper boy" to cool and dry the meal before gathering it into a hopper feeding the bolting cylinder. Together these components formed the automatic process, from incoming wheat to outgoing flour packed in barrels. At that time the idea of such automation had not been applied to any manufacturing process in America. The mill opened, on a non-automatic cycle, in 1785. In January 1786 Evans applied to the Delaware legislature for a twenty-five-year patent, which was granted on 30 January 1787 although there was much opposition from the Quaker millers of Wilmington and elsewhere. He also applied for patents in Pennsylvania, Maryland and New Hampshire. In May 1789 he went to see the mill of the four Ellicot brothers, near Baltimore, where he was impressed by the design of a horizontal screw conveyor by Jonathan Ellicot and exchanged the rights to his own elevator for those of this machine. After six years' work on his automatic mill, it was completed in 1790. In the autumn of that year a miller in Brandywine ordered a set of Evans's machinery, which set the trend toward its general adoption. A model of it was shown in the Market Street shop window of Robert Leslie, a watch-and clockmaker in Philadelphia, who also took it to England but was unsuccessful in selling the idea there.In 1790 the Federal Plant Laws were passed; Evans's patent was the third to come within the new legislation. A detailed description with a plate was published in a Philadelphia newspaper in January 1791, the first of a proposed series, but the paper closed and the series came to nothing. His brother Joseph went on a series of sales trips, with the result that some machinery of Evans's design was adopted. By 1792 over one hundred mills had been equipped with Evans's machinery, the millers paying a royalty of $40 for each pair of millstones in use. The series of articles that had been cut short formed the basis of Evans's The Young Millwright and Miller's Guide, published first in 1795 after Evans had moved to Philadelphia to set up a store selling milling supplies; it was 440 pages long and ran to fifteen editions between 1795 and 1860.Evans was fairly successful as a merchant. He patented a method of making millstones as well as a means of packing flour in barrels, the latter having a disc pressed down by a toggle-joint arrangement. In 1801 he started to build a steam carriage. He rejected the idea of a steam wheel and of a low-pressure or atmospheric engine. By 1803 his first engine was running at his store, driving a screw-mill working on plaster of Paris for making millstones. The engine had a 6 in. (15 cm) diameter cylinder with a stroke of 18 in. (45 cm) and also drove twelve saws mounted in a frame and cutting marble slabs at a rate of 100 ft (30 m) in twelve hours. He was granted a patent in the spring of 1804. He became involved in a number of lawsuits following the extension of his patent, particularly as he increased the licence fee, sometimes as much as sixfold. The case of Evans v. Samuel Robinson, which Evans won, became famous and was one of these. Patent Right Oppression Exposed, or Knavery Detected, a 200-page book with poems and prose included, was published soon after this case and was probably written by Oliver Evans. The steam engine patent was also extended for a further seven years, but in this case the licence fee was to remain at a fixed level. Evans anticipated Edison in his proposal for an "Experimental Company" or "Mechanical Bureau" with a capital of thirty shares of $100 each. It came to nothing, however, as there were no takers. His first wife, Sarah, died in 1816 and he remarried, to Hetty Ward, the daughter of a New York innkeeper. He was buried in the Bowery, on Lower Manhattan; the church was sold in 1854 and again in 1890, and when no relative claimed his body he was reburied in an unmarked grave in Trinity Cemetery, 57th Street, Broadway.[br]Further ReadingE.S.Ferguson, 1980, Oliver Evans: Inventive Genius of the American Industrial Revolution, Hagley Museum.G.Bathe and D.Bathe, 1935, Oliver Evans: Chronicle of Early American Engineering, Philadelphia, Pa.IMcN -
6 Drake, Edwin Laurentine
SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology[br]b. 29 March 1819 Greenville, New York, USAd. 8 November 1880 Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA[br]American pioneer oil driller.[br]He worked on his father's farm, was a clerk in a hotel and a store, and then became an express agent at a railway company in Springfield, Massachusetts, c.1845. After he had been working as a railway conductor in New Haven, Connecticut, for eight years, he resigned because of ill health. Owning some stocks in a Pennsylvania rock-oil company, which gathered oil from ground-level seepages mainly for medicinal use, he was engaged by this company and moved to Titusville, Pennsylvania, at the age of almost 40. After studying salt-well drilling by cable tool, which was still percussive, he became enthusiastic about the idea of using the same method to drill for oil, especially after researches in chemistry had revealed this new sort of fossil energy some years before.As a manager of the Seneca Oil Company, which referred to him as "Colonel" in letters of introduction simply to impress people with such titles, Drake began drilling in 1858, almost at the same time as pole-tool drilling for oil was started in Germany. His main contribution to the technology was the use of an iron pipe driven through the quicksand and the bedrock to prevent the bore-hole from filling. After nineteen months he struck oil at a depth of 21 m (69 ft) in August 1859. This was the first time that petroleum was struck at its source and the first proof of the presence of oil reservoirs within the earth's surface. Drake inaugurated the search for and the exploitation of the deep oil resources of the world and he initiated the science of petroleum engineering which became established at the beginning of the twentieth century.Drake failed to patent his drilling method; he was content being an oil commission merchant and Justice of the Peace in Titusville, which like other places in Pennsylvania became a boom town. Four years later he went to New York, where he lost all his money in oil speculations. He became very ill again and lived in poverty in Vermont and New Jersey until 1873, when he moved to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, where he was pensioned by the state of Pennsylvania. The city of Titusville erected a monument to him and founded the Drake Museum.[br]Further ReadingDictionary of American Biography, Vol. III, pp. 427–8.Ida M.Tarbell, 1904, "The birth of industry", History of the Standard Oil Company, Vol. I, New York (gives a lively description of the booming years in Pennsylvania caused by Drake's successful drilling).H.F.Williamson and A.R.Daum, 1959, The American Petroleum Industry. The Age of Illumination, Evans ton, Ill.WKBiographical history of technology > Drake, Edwin Laurentine
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7 Mannesmann, Reinhard
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 13 May 1856 Remscheid, Bleidinghausen, Germanyd. 22 February 1922 Remscheid, Bleidinghausen, Germany[br]German metallurgical engineer.[br]Reinhard Mannesmann and his four brothers developed the engineering works at Remscheid that had been founded by their father. With his brother Max, Reinhard devised c. 1885 a method of producing seamless tubes by a rolling process. Factories for manufacturing tubes by this process were established at Remscheid, at Bous in the Saar district and at Komotau in Bohemia. Further developments of the process were patented by the brothers in the years following the initial patent of 1885. The British patent rights for the Mannesmann process were purchased by the Landore Siemens Steel Company in 1888, and the Mannesmann Tube Company was established at Landore in South Wales. This company went into liquidation in 1899 after ten years of production and the Tube Works was then purchased by the Mannesmann family, and a new company, the British Mannesmann Tube Company, was formed. Reinhard and Max Mannesmann took up residence near the Landore works and the business prospered so that by 1914 Landore was employing 1,500 men and producing 35,000 tons of tubing each year. The company was taken over during the First World War by the Custodian of Enemy Property, and after the war a new tube works which had been planned in 1914 was built at Newport, Monmouthshire. The Mannesmann family were able to resume control in 1926 for some ten years, but in 1938 the company became part of the Stewarts \& Lloyds organization.[br]Further ReadingG.Evans, 1934, Manufacture of Seamless Tubes Ferrous and Non-Ferrous, London; 1940, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 143:62–3 (both provide technical details of the Mannesmann process for forming seamless tubes).RTS -
8 Perkins, Jacob
[br]b. 9 July 1766 Newburyport, Massachusetts, USAd. 30 July 1849 London, England[br]American inventor of a nail-making machine and a method of printing banknotes, investigator of the use of steam at very high pressures.[br]Perkins's occupation was that of a gold-and silversmith; while he does not seem to have followed this after 1800, however, it gave him the skills in working metals which he would continue to employ in his inventions. He had been working in America for four years before he patented his nail-making machine in 1796. At the time there was a great shortage of nails because only hand-forged ones were available. By 1800, other people had followed his example and produced automatic nail-making machines, but in 1811 Perkins' improved machines were introduced to England by J.C. Dyer. Eventually Perkins had twenty-one American patents for a range of inventions in his name.In 1799 Perkins invented a system of engraving steel plates for printing banknotes, which became the foundation of modern siderographic work. It discouraged forging and was adopted by many banking houses, including the Federal Government when the Second United States Bank was inaugurated in 1816. This led Perkins to move to Philadelphia. In the intervening years, Perkins had improved his nail-making machine, invented a machine for graining morocco leather in 1809, a fire-engine in 1812, a letter-lock for bank vaults and improved methods of rolling out spoons in 1813, and improved armament and equipment for naval ships from 1812 to 1815.It was in Philadelphia that Perkins became interested in the steam engine, when he met Oliver Evans, who had pioneered the use of high-pressure steam. He became a member of the American Philosophical Society and conducted experiments on the compressibility of water before a committee of that society. Perkins claimed to have liquified air during his experiments in 1822 and, if so, was the real discoverer of the liquification of gases. In 1819 he came to England to demonstrate his forgery-proof system of printing banknotes, but the Bank of England was the only one which did not adopt his system.While in London, Perkins began to experiment with the highest steam pressures used up to that time and in 1822 took out his first of nineteen British patents. This was followed by another in 1823 for a 10 hp (7.5 kW) engine with only 2 in. (51 mm) bore, 12 in. (305 mm) stroke but a pressure of 500 psi (35 kg/cm2), for which he claimed exceptional economy. After 1826, Perkins abandoned his drum boiler for iron tubes and steam pressures of 1,500 psi (105 kg/cm2), but the materials would not withstand such pressures or temperatures for long. It was in that same year that he patented a form of uniflow cylinder that was later taken up by L.J. Todd. One of his engines ran for five days, continuously pumping water at St Katherine's docks, but Perkins could not raise more finance to continue his experiments.In 1823 one his high-pressure hot-water systems was installed to heat the Duke of Wellington's house at Stratfield Saye and it acquired a considerable vogue, being used by Sir John Soane, among others. In 1834 Perkins patented a compression ice-making apparatus, but it did not succeed commercially because ice was imported more cheaply from Norway as ballast for sailing ships. Perkins was often dubbed "the American inventor" because his inquisitive personality allied to his inventive ingenuity enabled him to solve so many mechanical challenges.[br]Further ReadingHistorical Society of Pennsylvania, 1943, biography which appeared previously as a shortened version in the Transactions of the Newcomen Society 24.D.Bathe and G.Bathe, 1943–5, "The contribution of Jacob Perkins to science and engineering", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 24.D.S.L.Cardwell, 1971, From Watt to Clausius. The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age, London: Heinemann (includes comments on the importance of Perkins's steam engine).A.F.Dufton, 1940–1, "Early application of engineering to warming of buildings", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 21 (includes a note on Perkins's application of a high-pressure hot-water heating system).RLH
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